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	Oxidative substrates Cytosolic concentrations of various mitochondrial substrates. Metabolite Concentration (mM)a Reference aConcentrations in mM were calculated from µmol/g dry weight by dividing the reported value by 3.7 (conversion coefficient from dry to wet tissue weight) and further by 0.4 (volume of the cytosol in ml per g tissue wet weight) as described in 11; conversion from µmol/g wet weight was done by dividing the values by 0.4. AcetoAcetate 1.78 rat liver12 Acetyl-CoA 0.014 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 0.04 liver cytosol16 ADP 0.192 - 0.431 rat/mouse brain16 0.54 liver cytosol16 0.74 HELA cells with glucose8 0.95 rat brain10 2.5 rat liver11 2.83 rat liver cytosol14 3.11 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 3.25 pig heart15 3.58 rat liver12 a-Ketoglutarate 0.066 pig heart15 0.15 - 0.055 rat/mouse brain16 0.263 rat brain10 0.304 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 0.318 mouse brain4 0.363 rat liver13 0.382 HELA cells with glucose8 0.598 rat brain9 0.84 liver cytosol16 Aspartate 2.03 - 2.5 rat/mouse brain16 0.68 liver cytosol16 2.4 rat liver11 7.15 rat brain9 9 rat brain10 ATP 1.7 - 2.0 rat/mouse brain16 2.2 human brain 2 3.01 liver cytosol16 4.4 HELA cells with glucose8 4.45 rat liver11 4.88 rat liver cytosol14 5.38 rat liver12 6.9 rat brain10 13.2 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 15 pig heart15 b-Hydroxybutyrate 0.055 rat brain10 0.36 rat liver13 4.75 rat liver12 Citrate 0.28 HELA cells with glucose8 0.4 liver cytosol16 0.642 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 0.743 rat brain10 0.818 mouse brain4 1.03 pig heart15 CoA 0.05 liver cytosol16 Fumarate 0.041 rat/mouse brain16 0.147 pig heart15 0.183 mouse brain4 Glutamate 3.38 - 8.24 rat/mouse brain16 5.29 liver cytosol16 6.025 rat liver13 15.7 HELA cells with glucose8 29.93 rat brain10 30.25 rat brain9 Isocitrate 0.006 rat/mouse brain16 0.012 HELA cells with glucose8 0.04 mouse brain4 0.068 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 Malate 0.22 - 0.28 rat/mouse brain16 0.203 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 0.355 pig heart15 0.4 liver cytosol16 0.69 rat brain9 0.845 rat brain10 1.085 mouse brain4 1.32 HELA cells grown on glucose8 2 rat liver11 NAD+ 0.71 hepatocyte cytosol 16 1.048 pig heart15 NAD+/NADH cyt 515 rat/mouse brain16 696 rat brain10 714 rat brain9 715 rat liver12 NAD+/NADH mit 0.52 rat brain10 1.38 rat/mouse brain16 1.52 rat brain9 7.15 rat liver12 7.3 rat liver13 NADH 0.223 pig heart15 0.33 hepatocyte cytosol16 NADP+ 0.002 hepatocyte cytosol16 NADPH 0.36 hepatocyte cytosol16 Oxaloacetate 0.002 - 0.004 rat/mouse brain16 0.008 liver cytosol16 0.01 mouse brain4 0.014 rat brain9 0.018 rat brain10 0.095 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 Inorganic Phosphate 5.2 rat brain10 12.075 rat liver12 Pyruvate 0.053 rat liver12 0.06 guinea pig heart (glucose+insulin perfused)7 0.065 rat liver11 0.09 cultured neurons6 0.17 rat brain10 0.228 mouse brain4 0.238 rat liver cytosol14 0.248 pig heart15 0.29 rat brain9 0.325 rat liver13 0.33 adipose tissue5 sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate 0.112 guinea pig heart (glucose+insulin perfused)7 0.15 rat brain10 0.395 rat liver cytosol14 Succinate 0.504 rat/mouse brain16 0.535 pig heart15 1.715 mouse brain4 Succinyl-CoA 0.338 rat heart (glucose perfused)16 References 1. 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